Borer damage can severely affect the quality of lumber and can make trees susceptible to dis-ease. On occasion, tunneling makes the tree weak, causing limbs and branches to fall. Partial girdling reduces plant growth and vigor above the site of attack. When the cambium layer is completely girdled the plant eventually dies above or beyond the damage site. Many borers damage plants by tunneling through the inner bark layer (cambium) into the sapwood (xylem) that transports nutrients and water to the leaves. One woodpecker, the yellow-bellied sapsucker, produces square holes in rows around a trunk or branch. Woodpecker damage is sometimes confused with that of wood-boring beetles, however woodpecker damage will not produce frass. Their holes are normally round, oval or semicircular and are found in a random pattern on the plant. Wood-boring insects often produce sawdust-like frass (excrement). Wood-boring insects that attack healthy trees and shrubs are called “primary invaders.” Primary invaders may eventually kill trees.īorer infestations often go unnoticed until plants or parts of plants begin to die or show external signs of damage. Many other insects live in dying or dead trees, including natural enemies (predators and parasites) of the insect borers, sap or fungi feeders, or species which merely use the spaces provided by the tunnels and galleries as living quarters. Secondary invaders include species from groups already mentioned, but also may include termites, carpenter bees and carpenter ants. Secondary invaders are a symptom of other problems with the health of the tree or shrub, but may contribute to its decline. These are referred to as “secondary invaders” because they attack only after a plant has been weakened by another stress. Most insect borers are attracted to weakened, damaged, dying or dead plants. Bark beetles and insect borers belong to several different insect groups including a variety of beetles, moths and horntail wasps. Many insects feed and make their homes in the bark, trunks and branches of shade trees and shrubs in Texas. Merchant, Assistant Professor and Extension Urban Entomologist Jackman, Professor and Extension Entomologist Drees, Professor and Extension Entomologist This entry was posted in Broadleaved Trees on by habitatdana.Bastiaan M. Native American Ethnobotany, University of Michigan, Dearborn Nat ive Plants Network, Propagation Protocol Database
Virginia Tech ID Fact Sheet + Landowner Fact Sheet USDA Forest Service-Fire Effects Information System WTU Herbarium Image Collection, Plants of Washington, Burke MuseumĮ-Flora BC, Electronic Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia Deer and small mammals eat seedlings and saplings. Flower clusters are often found on the ground after they have been nibbled on by squirrels. Use by Wildlife: The seeds, buds and flowers of Big-Leaf Maple are a favorite food of many small mammals and birds. Commercially, the wood is mostly used for making veneers for furniture, but is also used for musical instruments and interior paneling. The greenish-yellow flower clusters make a tasty garnish for salads. Maple syrup can be made by boiling down the sap. The wood was extremely popular for carving both artwork and useful items such as dishes and paddles. The leaves were used for containers or in cooking pits. Use by people: Natives found this tree very useful. Seeds and seedlings need to be protected from rodents, slugs and other, herbivores. The seeds may also be soaked for 24 hours or warm stratified for 1-2 months, then cold stratified at 40✯ (4✬) for 2-6 months. Germination occurs in late winter or spring. They are best sown as soon as they are ripe outside or in a cold frame.
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